Using actuarial reports – Getting the value added.
The 2015 figure is more than double the US$2 trillion that had been estimated for 2011. More than half of the increase is the result of more accurate country-level data on the pernicious effects of energy consumption on air quality and health. In a parallel blog, our colleagues Sanjeev Gupta and Michael Keen further analyze the differences in estimates. A technical analysis of the estimates can be found in an IMF working paper prepared by David Coady and others.
India’s recent experience is instructive. Diesel prices were fully liberalized in October 2014, following a period of gradual subsidy reform. In addition, efforts have been made to limit the cost of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) subsidies, including the January 2015 expansion of a nationwide direct cash transfer system to replace access to subsidized LPG. This reform ensures that low-income households are protected while reducing the budgetary cost of subsidies.
Martin Carbajal, Esc Waldemar G Carbajal
Gross Domestic Product or Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the standard measure of the value added created through the production of goods and services in a country during a given period. This indicator also measures the income obtained from such production, or the total amount spent on goods and services (minus imports).
While GDP is the single most important indicator for measuring economic activity, it is insufficient to provide a measure of people’s material well-being for which other indicators are more appropriate. This indicator is based on nominal GDP (also known as GDP at current prices or GDP in value) and is available in several measures: US dollars and US dollars per capita (Purchasing Power Parity, PPP).
All OECD countries collect their data according to the 2008 System of National Accounts (SNA). This indicator is less appropriate for comparisons over time, since changes are caused not only by real growth, but also by changes in prices and PPP.
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There are downward trends in different countries,” he summarized, while stressing the importance of English language proficiency and a refocus on technical, rather than university, careers.
Regional integration, complemented by national reform initiatives, would be a first step towards increasing domestic investment, technology transfer, improving terms of trade and trade expansion, increasing
pointing to a sustainable, diverse pattern of growth, based on both primary resources and value-added production, with an increasingly important export sector, provided the peace process moves forward. ciponline.org
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En las últimas décadas, debido al crecimiento demográfico e industrial, la demanda de energía ha aumentado considerablemente. Sin embargo, gran parte de la energía consumida proviene de la quema de combustibles fósiles, que emiten grandes cantidades de gases que pueden aumentar la temperatura de la tierra. Entre estos gases, destaca el dióxido de carbono (CO2) como uno de los principales causantes del efecto invernadero. Por ello, es fundamental la necesidad de desarrollar nuevas tecnologías económica y energéticamente viables para la producción de energía por vías limpias y sostenibles. Entre estas tecnologías, cabe destacar el proceso de fotoconversión del CO2 (“fotosíntesis artificial”) en productos con valor añadido. Sin embargo, la gran mayoría de los semiconductores desarrollados hasta la fecha, para este fin, tienen una alta tasa de recombinación de sus pares electrón/hueco fotogenerados, lo que reduce la
eficiencia del proceso. Con el fin de mejorar la eficiencia fotocatalítica, este proyecto pretendía desarrollar semiconductores basados en pentóxido de niobio (Nb2O5) modificados con hierro (Fe) o cobre (Cu) para la fotorreducción de CO2, con el objetivo de aumentar la eficiencia fotocatalítica del material mediante la reducción de la tasa de recombinación de los pares electrón/hueco fotogenerados. Para ello, se sintetizaron semiconductores basados en Nb2O5 por el método del peróxido oxidante bajo tratamiento hidrotermal. Las deposiciones de Fe o Cu se realizaron por el método de sputtering (“magnetron sputtering”) ya que esta técnica permite la deposición de nanopartículas con un alto grado de pureza. La adición de nanopartículas de Fe o Cu sobre la superficie de Nb2O5 redujo significativamente la tasa de recombinación de los pares electrón/hueco fotogenerados, debido a la mayor separación espacial de las cargas fotogeneradas a través de la formación de la heteroestructura entre los materiales, lo que se tradujo en un aumento significativo del CO2